Off We Go

Okay. The long awaited day is here. If it's not packed, planned or plotted we will either improvise or do without. Time to move out. Here is a brief itinerary:

Monday January 4th 2016

Depart Newark Airport 2:45 pm - Arrive Tocumen Int'l Airport, Panama City, Panama 8:05 pm

Gail gets transport to JW Marriott, Rio Hato

EWB Group and I spend night at Hostel Almador, Panama City, Panama

Tuesday January 5th 2016

Rise at 4:30 - catch 6 am flight from Panama City to Bocas del Toro (Isla Colon) with probably layover in Changuinola (remember the Bob Dylan story?). Arrive in Bocas del Toro before noon.

Spend afternoon purchasing materials from Maderas Richards hardware emporium and arrange to have it shipped.

Late afternoon - take boat(s) over bay (~11 miles) out to Isla Popa II -the community of Sandubidi, our home away from home. Settle in to our digs, start laying out project.

Gail lays by beach or pool, maybe goes to the market.

Wednesday January 6th 2016

Begin construction of tank stands, start water testing.

Gail lays by beach or pool, maybe goes to the market.

Thursday through Saturday January 7th-10th

Continue work on tanks, water testing, community education, play volleyball, possibly a trip back to Isla Colon for any other needed equipment.

 Gail lays by beach or pool, maybe goes to the market.

Sunday January 11th 2016

Pretty much wrap up any construction and testing; continue to work with the community to develop water use and testing strategies. Begin to pack. Relax

Monday January 12th 2016

Pack out off island, Lunch in Isla Colon, catch afternoon flight back to Panama City. Group stays at Hostel Almador, I head up to Rio Hato to Gail.

Tuesday January 13th, 2016

Gail and I check out of the Marriott in Rio Hato and join up with group to spend day at the canal.

After touring the canal the group returns to Hostel Almador and Gail and I head on to the Gamboa  Rainforest resort.

Wednesday January 14th 2016

EWB group returns; Gail and I spend the remainder of our time at Gamboa exploring the Rainforest. (I hear there are monkeys there, so I get a chance to spend time with family...)

Come home when we are damn well ready.

Off we go...

Packing List #3

Down to the wire now. This time tomorrow night we are in Panama City getting settled before we move out before dawn on Tuesday morning for the transcontinental flight across the center of the country and up the coast to Bocas Del Toro. All of my packing is done. Last minute items include clothing, socks, undies, bathing suits, all of the water testing paraphernalia, shoes, sneakers, boots, flip flops. Plenty of extra AAA batteries, sundry ropes and lines, a hammock, a camp chair. Meh, it's all just running together now. How's about a few pics instead?

 Hard to tell if this is the packing for an EWB project or a Derek and the Dominoes Tour!

Official Project Gear

Lastly, a few greetings and acknowledgements. First off, to Kim, Kelsey, Carena, Angel, Melissa, Brittany, Kaitlyn,  Diana and Madison. You guys are the engine room that keeps the propellers turning and the ship moving forward. Next, some of the former Greats of the engine room: Stefanie (and Vinnie), Sam (where are you?) and Denise L. - I keep meaning to come up to Kohl's and buy lots of stuff. Have to wait til I get back.

Next, Rich Burzine, my un-altered ego; you are one big hot mess of inspiration. Time for you to set off and liberate Tibet - you looked great on that battle llama. And lastly, Rich Maletta. The faithful Sancho Panza to my windmill jousting Don Quijote. I promise to behave and to come home humbled and ready to accept a quiet, ordinary life...

...NOT!

So, show me the entrance ramp to the yellow-brick highway and lets send the tour bus down the runway and see if her wings are up to a flight to the land between two oceans. Andale!!!!

Packing List #2

The Holidays are over - I have had short spells of time to spend with loved ones and family, save for Leah as our schedules have not overlapped. The Christmas Tree is down and all the decorations packed away. The house is pretty much cleaned up and all of my bills and paperwork is done. As nearly as I can tell all of my shopping is complete. Tonight is sort of the organizational phase. Tomorrow I will pack.

More indispensable items:

1.Venison jerky
2. Cliff Bars
3. Flat-packed toilet paper
4. Mosquito netting
5. Hammock and ropes
6. Folding camp stool
7. # 10 - 12 cc syringes for drawing up and dosing bleach
8. Flexible "magic" garden hose
9. 10' of plastic tubing for siphon
10. Copies of my medical license and registration (just in case I need to prove)
11. #3 Bolivar cigars (either Royal Coronas or Belicosas, not sure just yet) and lighter
12. Swim goggles (prescription)
13. Compas
14. GPS (this is a rather old and clunky unit but worth the carry, I think)
15. Deck of waterproof playing cards

My first aid kit is quite large and complete and is beyond the practical confines of this list. Suffice to say it is stocked with a small IV set, epi-pen, suture kit, bandages, a supply of oral medications that would make a small pharmacy jealous, and sundry other medical necessities.

It is unnerving to know that I will undoubtedly forget things that might come in handy, but all I can hope for is that I have enough of the right stuff on hand to make do. At the end of the day, that really is what it's all about.

Packing List #1

Christmas Eve. Ten days until departure. Most of the large problems worked out well enough for comfort. Plane reservations for the group and hotel acommodations for me and Gail are all made. Its a little too early to actually start packing but its a good idea to be getting things ready. My biggest contribution to the group is a very well provisioned first aid kit and the ability to use it. I replaced and expanded the kit after return last time so that is pretty much set. All it needs is a quick recheck to make sure nothing is outdated. There are a few items that experience taught me is good to have along and I will periodically share them over the next week.

1. Cheap, light plastic rain ponchos. 2 or 3 of them; keep one in my backpack
2. Small nautical pulleys (3). Useful for raising items.
3. Thin nylon cord for #2
4. AAA batteries
5. Freeze dried ice cream - treat for students. Last years group had never heard of it and didn't believe me
    until I gave them some.
6. Spoon/knife eating utensil
7. Crazy glue
8. Assorted zip lock plastic bags

I will post more as I think of things.

Had a nice train ride Tuesday with Frank Sokolowski. He was heading home to Philadelphia from Rensselaer so I boarded the train in Rhinecliff and traveled down to New York City with him. We tested the Hach colorimeter that he got from the campus store room. It is quite a bit more sophisticated than my unit and can measure numerous different analytes whereas mine is exclusively for chlorine.We actually sat on board the train measuring water samples. The two meters agreed nicely and are both easy to use. All in all it was a fun trip. We hung out in Penn Station for a half hour then I boarded the next northbound train and headed back home.

Answers - Finally!

With the arrival of the Hach Colorimeter I was finally able to get good quality data and make some solid conclusions. Here's what it looks like: The meter itself is the black device that looks like a TV remote clicker. To it's right is a container of 5-in-1 test strips.

I did some practice runs on tap water from my home which is well derived and free of any baseline chlorine by making a 1:10 bleach dilution which allowed me use much smaller source volumes, everything scaled back by factors of 10: instead of 6 ml of undiluted bleach in 55 gallons I could do 0.6 ml of the 1:10 dilution into 0.55 gallons of water and get the same concentrations. Using the test strips I could get an idea if we really were in the ballpark range. Here are the results:

5 in 1 Dipstick Measurements done on well water using 1:10 bleach dilution in 0.55 gallons water
Bleach (0.825%) ml			Total Cl (ppm)		Free Cl (ppm)
Trial 1
0.5			1		0
0.6			2		0.5
0.7			4		0.5
0.8			4 to 10		1 to 2
0.9			4		0.5
1			4		1
Trial 2
0.5			2		0.5
0.6			4		1
0.7			4		1
0.8			4		1
0.9			4 to 10		1 to 2
1			<10		4

So, based on dipstick values we are pretty good in terms of being in the range. The problem with the dipstick is that they are a "blunt instrument". Rather than giving you a reliable numerical measurement the strips basically tell you one of three things: "none/not enough", "enough" or "too much". A good start for estimating but lacking in finesse. Enter the colorimeter. It works by detecting the absorption of light at a wavelength of 528nm. To perform the test water is mixed with a small pre-measured packet of DPD (dietheyl-phenylenediamene) powder; if chlorine is present it reacts to turn the solution pink.

The meter then reads the strength of absorption proportional to the amount of chlorine present. We get a number. A real quantitative value that can be used to generate data, produce equations and make predictions.

 

The challenge with the meter is that, as usual, the devil lies in the details. Every time you draw up a sample from a different source or strength, everything has to be thoroughly cleaned with tap water (sample cups, measuring tubes, syringes for drawing up, etc). So, even a few relatively simple measurements can chew up an hour or too pretty easily. Now add in going in and out to add increments of bleach to the barrel, letting it mix for 20-30 minutes with the occasional stir, siphoning out samples, labeling the jars plus doing the measurements and you can lose an entire afternoon really fast! Anyways, I was able to squeeze a few hours together yesterday and did just that. Here are the results:

Colorimeter Measurements			55 Gallon Barrel		Dipstick Measurements			55 Gallon Barrel
Bleach (8.25%) ml			Total Cl (ppm)		Total Cl (ppm)		Free Cl (ppm)
Trial 1
0			0.01		0		0
5	0.85		0.85		0		0
6	1.4		1.4		0.5		0
7	1.77		1.77		0.5		0
8	1.58	*	1.58	*	0	*	0	*
9	2.2		2.2		0.5		0
10	2.2		2.2		0.5		0
11	2.2		2.2		1		0.5
12	2.2		2.2		1		0.5

 

However, note that the value for 8 ml is a statistical outlier leading to some inaccuracy in the linear equation. If we drop that value we get a better estimate of the line and a different equation.

This improved data and equation now allow us to confidently plug in any amount or volume of bleach we may want to add to the 55 gallon drum and come up with a reliable concentration of chlorine remaining in the water, and it should stand up to measurement with the colorimeter. Here is a table of such a prediction. So, if the WHO established chlorine level is 2.5 mg/L (PPM) then a dose of somewhere between 9 and 10 ml of 8.25% bleach will reliably produce that level. But, there is a catch: Every different source water will have it's own unique chlorine requirement so that the values I have established for rainwater in Hurley, NY may be very different, from say, water taken from the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn, NY. This is called "chlorine demand" and means that one of the first things we will need to do in Panama, in tandem with installing the new tanks, is to set up a barrel and starting testing to establish what the chlorine demand is for their source water (rain) and make up a table for them to use once the system is up and running. Still, this gives us a good idea of the variability of chlorine dosing and the fact that untested calculations alone are not enough. Very satisfying.

Table based on equation Y=0.3263x-0.6474 5 0.9841 6 1.3104 7 1.6367 8 1.963 9 2.2893 10 2.6156 11 2.9419 12 3.2682 13 3.5945 14 3.9208 15 4.2471

Things Are Never as Easy as They Seem

Less than three and a half weeks until we leave and we still have not established the correct bleach dose. I have been using 60 ml plastic specimen containers to collect the water and then bringing it up to the lab at RPI. I have usually done the dosing and sampling the day before so that the samples have sat for 24 or more hours in the containers before being tested. Last week I had done the bleach dosing on Tuesday then went up to campus on Wednesday night and we ran the levels using dipsticks. The effective dose seemed between 12 and 15 ml per barrel and we were hoping to confirm this using a colorimeter. Chip and Frank found the one in the basement and I ordered a used on on Ebay (as well as reagent kits for it and several bottles of 5-in-1 test strips). Frank went back a couple of days later and rechecked the levels. The previously robust sample ranges (12-15 ml) were now reading zero. This can be explained by either adsorption of chlorine to the plastic or reactivity of the chlorine (oxidation) with the plastic itself. Given the 24 hour delay between sampling time and testing, this calls into question the validity of these ranges. It may be much lower bleach dose is needed and that means we need to do more testing.

The new plan involves a two-arm experimental plan: One is a real time dose-titration, the other a time-stability study. Now that I have all of the necessary equipment at my house I can test immediately after I have made each dose titration. I will start at the 6 ml of 8.25% bleach, do a fresh sample using both dipstick and colorimeter and then pull off two samples - one stored in plastic and the other stored in glass (these are for the time-stability portion). I can add bleach in any increment I choose then add smaller increments as I start to get readings on either dipstick or colorimeter until I get overshoot. Hopefully, once and for all, this will give us the best correct bleach dose. Once that portion is complete I can then do a daily check on the stored plastic and glass container samples to see if the chlorine degrades faster in the plastic containers.If there is degradation of chlorine level I don't know if this data will be sufficient to distinguish the mechanism between adsorption to the sides of the container versus oxidation of the plastic by the chlorine. That would be a function of the reaction rate kinetics. Chip can hopefully shed some light on that aspect.

I have picked up two more 55 gallon drums to hook to the downgutters so I have enough water to repeat tests if I need to. Fortunately, I don't anticipate much packing as most stuff is all packed up neatly from last year. As soon as I get some of the testing done (hopefully Sunday afternoon) I will post the results here. Lastly, it looks like my loyal reading base in South Korea has been looking in. I wish you all gyejeol-ui insa. I am trying to say "Seasons Greetings" and I am totally depending on Google Translate for this. If am wrong, please, someone correct me and let me know the correct way to say it. Also, there seems to be a bunch of folks in Russia reading; to all of you I send sezony privetstviya. Again, if wrong, please me a comment and correct me.

Third Times a Charm

Following the first two sets of rainwater tests, we really did not have a great sense of the correct bleach dose for a 55 gallon barrel. The calculated amount of 5.8 ml (let's just call it 6 ml, please) was insufficient and did not register on the chlorine test strips at all; the 58 ml (a 10x strength) overshot the mark by a bit; and the 580 ml (100x) was way off the scale. A crude series of 50%-50% volume dilutions indicated that the correct dose lay somewhere between, say, 9 ml (1.5x) and 18 ml (3x). We needed at least one more trial to fine tune the dosing and my concern was that, with little more than a month until we travel, we would not get sufficient rain for one more refill of the barrel before winter and snow set in. Fortunately, the weather is cooperating. The barrel is full and I am in the process of making a series of chlorine solutions  starting with our calculated 6 ml dose and increasing it by 3 ml increments through 18 ml. I have collected samples up through 12 ml; the 15 ml dose is equilibrating and is due to be sampled in 5 minutes. Then the last solution will be 18 ml of bleach and that range of specimens ought to capture the final free chlorine target dose of 2.5 mg/L (or ppm) as specified by the World Health Organization. I will bring the samples up to campus tomorrow during the weekly meeting and Frank, Kyra and Jonathan can test them. We are also looking at a small Hach colorimeter that would provide more accurate measurements and I have located one on Ebay at a reasonable price.